Nevertheless, other environmental, emotional, and psychological factors also appear to play a fundamental role in the development and maintenance of apathetic manifestations ( 11– 16).įrom a transdiagnostic point of view, several psychological factors appear to be involved in apathy in both neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders, particularly cognitive impairments such as deficits in executive function ( 9, 15), depression ( 4), sensitivity to reward ( 16), or anticipatory pleasure ( 14, 17). Apathy has been frequently associated with brain abnormalities, particularly disruption of the prefrontal-subcortical circuitries in both neurological disorders ( 9, 10) and mental disorders such as schizophrenia ( 11). Apathy is generally conceptualized as a reduction in the initiation of and persistence in motivation and goal-directed activities with symptoms in at least two of three domains of reduced initiative, reduced interest, and reduced emotional responsiveness ( 7, 8). Apathy is a frequent syndrome occurring in various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia ( 1, 2), depression ( 3), stroke ( 4), Parkinson’s disease ( 5), and dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease ( 6).
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